Ukraine 1941 - Lviv Lemberg Massacre • Execution by GPU Soviet NKVD
(July 1941)
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The first Soviet occupation (1939-1941)
According to the secret additional protocol to the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact of 23/24 August 1939 after the aggression of the Third Reich and the Soviet Union to Poland, Lviv was after the surrender of 23 September 1939 occupied by the Red Army. September 22, 1939 the commander of the defense of Lviv gen. Władysław Langner signed with the Soviet command capitulation, providing for, among others, safe march of soldiers of the Polish army (including officers) and police towards the border with Romania, after the deposit of arms - an agreement that the Soviets broke folded arms arresting and deporting them to the Soviet Union. Officers participating in the defense of Lviv were held in a camp in Starobelsk, and the vast majority were murdered by the NKVD in Kharkov and buried in pits of death in Piatichatkach. Immediately after the start of the occupation of Lviv began arrested by the NKVD prominent citizens of the city, the mayor, Dr. Stanislaw Ostrowski at the helm. Lviv police officers were killed with fire from machine guns for the city on the highway tollgates on Winniki.
In the Lviv pogroms of June and July 1941, during World War II, an estimated 4,000–9,000 people were killed within the space of one month in Lviv (also known as Lwów or Lvov), many of them Polish Jews.
The first massacre was the killing, by the Soviet Security forces (NKVD), of an estimated 4,000 political prisoners inside the NKVD prisons in Lviv (some of them Jewish) immediately prior to the Soviet evacuation. The second massacre was an antisemitic pogrom by local militants, encouraged by the Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists (OUN), in which 4,000 Jews were killed in the streets immediately before and after the takeover of Lviv by German forces. The third massacre, which was committed by the newly-arrived SS Einsatzgruppe C, specifically targeted Jews, under the guise of retaliation for the killings carried out by the NKVD: 2,500 to 3,000 Jews were herded into a stadium and then taken by lorries to a remote execution site at Janowska. The antisemitic killings culminated before the end of July in the so-called "Petlura Days" massacre of more than 2,000 more Jews by Ukrainian nationalists, with the approval of the Nazi administration.
Controversy exists regarding the exact dates in which these atrocities took place, the numbers affected, and the sources of information. The confusion is amplified by the political agenda of parties involved, including national viewpoints in a variety of sources as to the alleged involvement in the Lviv civilian massacres by prominent political and historic figures and groups in the massacre, notably Theodor Oberländer, Roman Shukhevych and the Nachtigall Battalion.
Lviv pogroms:
Immediately after the German army entered Lviv, the prison gates were opened and the scale of the NKVD prisoner massacres carried out by the Soviets revealed. An OUN member estimated 10,000 dead victims at Brygidki, although the numbers were later adjusted by the German investigation down to 4,000 in total. The report drafted by Judge Möller singled out the Jews as responsible for the Soviet atrocities in accordance with the Nazi theory of Judeo-Bolshevism, even though Polish Jews had nothing to do with the NKVD killings. As observed by British-Polish historian Prof. Norman Davies: "in the [Lviv] personnel of the Soviet security police at the time, the high percentage of Jews was striking." The Einsatzgruppe C with the participation of Ukrainian National Militia, and the OUN leaders, organized the first pogrom, chiefly in revenge for the combined killings at Lviv's three prisons including Brygidki, Łąckiego and Zamarstynowska Street prisons. The German report stated that the majority of the Soviet murder victims were Ukrainian. Although a significant number of Jewish prisoners had also been among the victims of the NKVD massacres (including intellectuals and political activists), the Polish Jews were targeted collectively. An ad hoc Ukrainian People's Militia – which would soon be reorganized by Himmler as the Ukrainische Hilfspolizei (Ukrainian Auxiliary Police) – was assembled to spearhead the first pogrom. In the presence of the newly arrived German forces, the infuriated and irrational crowd took the violent actions against the Jewish population of the city.
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